Richard Strauss

Richard Strauss was the most significant German opera composer of the first half of the twentieth century, who established his reputation at the end of the nineteenth century through a series of brilliant orchestral tone poems such as Tod und Verklärung  (Death and Transfiguration) (1888–9), Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks) (1894–5), Also Sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spake Zarathustra) (1895–6) and Ein Heldenleben (A Hero’s Life) (1897–8).

The life of Richard Strauss: A summary

Discover more about Richard Strauss’s life and career in this guide, including his early influences and education, greatest achievements and more information on his best known works.

Early life and education 

Born into a musical family in Munich, Strauss displayed precocious talent from a young age. His father, Franz Strauss, was a renowned horn player and composer, and he provided his son with a rigorous musical education. Strauss began composing at the age of six, and by his teens, he was already performing as a pianist and violinist.

Richard Strauss’s musical education was a blend of formal instruction, mentorship, and independent study. He studied with other prominent musicians, including the conductor and composer Eugen Huber. Strauss continued to expand his musical knowledge throughout his life, eagerly absorbing new techniques and exploring various philosophical and artistic ideas. His dedication to learning and self-improvement played a crucial role in shaping his remarkable creative journey and establishing him as a towering figure in Western music.

Career highlights

Richard Strauss’s compositions were largely influenced by the Romantic style of his predecessors, such as Robert Schumann and Franz Liszt. However, he soon developed his own distinctive voice, characterized by his rich orchestration, harmonic innovation, and programmatic approach to music. 

In 1886, Strauss was appointed as the third Kapellmeister at the Munich Court Opera. This position not only provided him with valuable conducting experience but also exposed him to the world of opera, which would become a major focus of his creative output. 

Strauss’s most famous tone poems, such as “Don Juan” (1888), “Death and Transfiguration” (1889), and “Till Eulenspiegel’s Merry Pranks” (1895), established him as a leading composer of the late Romantic era. These works were characterized by their vivid storytelling, innovative use of orchestral colors, and masterful handling of musical forms. 

Richard Strauss’s operas were significant to the genre. His early operas, such as “Guntram” (1894) and “Feuersnot” (1901), were met with mixed reviews, but his later works, such as “Salome” (1905), “Elektra” (1909), and “Der Rosenkavalier” (1911), were critical and commercial successes. These operas showcased Strauss’s ability to combine dramatic intensity with lyrical beauty, and they continue to be among the most popular operas in the repertoire. 

Strauss’s reputation as a composer and conductor remained high throughout his lifetime. He was awarded numerous honors and accolades, including National Prize in Arts and Sciences (1914), Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown (1918), Gold Medal for Music (1933) and received honorary doctorates from Oxford, Cambridge and Vienna as recognition of his profound impact on the world of music.

Later life 

Richard Strauss’s later life was marked by a combination of continued artistic success and a growing political naivety that would ultimately tarnish his reputation. He continued to compose prolifically throughout his life, producing a wide range of works, including operas, ballets, symphonic works, and songs. He also maintained a successful conducting career, holding positions at the Berlin State Opera, the Vienna State Opera, and the Bayreuth Festival.

While in old age he was considered an irrelevant survivor of a vanished age – a Romantic composer in an era of unparalleled scientific and social change when figures such as Stravinsky, Schoenberg and Messiaen were at the forefront of new music – today Strauss is accepted as one of the finest of all orchestral composers the best of whose operas must be considered among the most subtly characterised since Mozart’s. 

Though he stood up to the Third Reich when necessary – his daughter-in-law was Jewish and he protected her and his grandchildren – he failed to condemn publicly the regime at the time, causing him difficulties in the years immediately after the war. Only in 1948, the year before his death, was he cleared of any Nazi collaboration but the accusations affected his posthumous reputation for several decades. 

Strauss died in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, in 1949, leaving behind a rich and diverse body of work that continues to inspire and captivate music lovers today.